A MULTIDISCIPLINARY WAY TO KNOW THE RIVER CLYDE
The purpose of this report is to narrate the historical account of the river to contemporary individuals, thereby strengthening its significance and impact on the region. Revitalizing the river is expected to revive curiosity in its past, consequently bolstering the local economy. By attracting investments, the area can anticipate the arrival of fresh enterprises, employment prospects, and an upsurge in tourism.
The forthcoming proposition will draw upon the historical significance of the river in the Braehead region, aiming to contemporize it by means of diverse artistic mediums, from a cosmopolitan standpoint. This approach seeks to provide a sense of familiarity to visitors from various cultural backgrounds, allowing them to connect with their own heritage or that of their ancestors.
HISTORY AND ETIMOLOGY OF THE NAME OF THE RIVER
The river Clyde, which empties into the Firth of Clyde in Scotland, is the ninth-longest river in the United Kingdom and one of the longest in Scotland, running through the bustling city of Glasgow. The origin of the river's name remains uncertain, although it is evident that the name has ancient roots. In 50AD, the renowned Egyptian mathematician, astronomer, and geographer Claudius Ptolemy referred to the river as "Klōta". The Britons called it Clut or Clud, while the Romans referred to it as Clota. It is highly probable that the name has Celtic origins, most likely stemming from Old British. However, there are multiple old Celtic words that could potentially be the source of the river's name. One potential root is the Common Brittonic Clywwd, which translates to 'loud' or 'loudly'. It is more plausible, though, that the river was named after a local Celtic goddess, Clōta, whose name is believed to have originated from an older Proto-Celtic term meaning 'the strongly flowing one' or 'the holy cleanser'.
The Clyde River holds a significant position in various literary works and artistic creations. In Neil Munro's Para Handy novels and their subsequent adaptations, the Clyde plays a crucial role. Additionally, authors such as Alasdair Gray, Matthew Fitt, and Robin Jenkins have also incorporated the river into their novels. The river finds mention in James Macpherson's "Ossian" poetry, as well as the works of John Wilson, William McGonagall, Edwin Morgan, Norman McCaig, Douglas Dunn, and W.S. Graham. Moreover, the Clyde serves as a source of inspiration for numerous visual artists, including William McTaggart, J. M. W. Turner, Robert Salmon, and George Wyllie.
Not only does the Clyde feature prominently in literature and art, but it also holds significance in the world of cinema. It is prominently showcased in films like Young Adam, Sweet Sixteen, just a Boys' Game, and Down Where the Buffalo Go. Furthermore, the river takes centre stage in the Academy Award-winning documentary film Seawards the Great Ships. The river's influence extends to traditional folk songs as well, with references in "Clyde's Water" and "Black Is the Color (of My True Love's Hair)". The popularized song "Song of the Clyde", sung by Kenneth McKellar, also pays homage to the river. Lastly, the Clyde becomes a subject of yearning in Mark Knopfler's "So Far From The Clyde".
SHIPBUILDING AND MARINE ENGINEERING
The dredging project was completed at an opportune moment, coinciding with the rise of the steel industry in Glasgow. This led to a shift in focus from trade to shipbuilding along the river Clyde, with shipbuilding companies quickly establishing themselves in the area. The reputation of the Clyde as a prime location for shipbuilding grew, eventually becoming the leading shipbuilding centre in the world. The term "Clydebuilt" became synonymous with high quality, with the river's shipyards securing contracts to build prestigious ocean liners and warships. Notably, iconic ships such as the Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth 2 were constructed in Clydebank. Since the establishment of the Scott family's shipyard in Greenock in 1712, over 25,000 ships have been built on the River Clyde, its firth, and its tributaries, including the River Kelvin and the River Cart. Numerous boatyards, such as those in Maryhill, Kirkintilloch, and Blackhill, have contributed to this rich shipbuilding history. While an estimated 300 firms have engaged in shipbuilding on Clydeside over the years, only around 30 to 40 firms were typically operational at any given time.
The shipbuilding companies on Clydeside became renowned both locally and internationally. Notable firms included John Brown & Company, Denny, Scott, Lithgows, Simon and Lobnitz, Alexander Stephen & Sons, Fairfield, Inglis, Barclay Curle, Connell, and Yarrow. Similarly, engineering firms like Rankin & Blackmore, Hastie's, Kincaid's, Rowan's, Weir's, Howden's, and Babcock & Wilcox played a crucial role in supplying the necessary machinery for these vessels.
Alley & MacLellan's Sentinel Works, situated in Jessie Street at Polmadie, was commonly referred to as a 'Clyde' shipyard, despite its physical distance from the actual waterways of the Clyde. Interestingly, this shipyard, which is approximately half a mile away from the Clyde, was responsible for the construction of more than 500 vessels. Notably, many of these ships were meticulously assembled and then disassembled into kit form before being dispatched to remote locations, such as Chauncy Maples. The pinnacle of Clyde shipbuilding occurred in the years leading up to World War I, with an astounding estimate of over 370 ships being completed solely in the year 1913.
The initial recorded Clyde racing yacht, a cutter weighing 46 tons, was constructed by Scotts of Greenock in 1803. However, it was not until 1807 that the renowned Scottish yacht designer William Fyfe began his career in yacht design. The first yacht club on the Clyde, known as the Northern Yacht Club, was established in 1824 and later received its royal charter in 1831. This club was formed with the purpose of organizing and promoting the sport of yacht racing. By 1825, Scottish and Irish clubs were already competing against each other on the Clyde. As the 19th century progressed, yachting and yacht building gained immense popularity. The Clyde gained worldwide recognition for its significant contributions to the field of yachting and yacht building. It served as the home to numerous notable designers such as William Fife III, Alfred Mylne, G. L. Watson, E. McGruer, and David Boyd. Additionally, it housed several renowned yacht yards. Robertson's Yard, which initially began as a small workshop for boat repairs in Sandbank in 1876, eventually became one of the leading wooden boat builders on the Clyde. The yard experienced its "golden years" during the early 20th century when it started constructing classic racing yachts measuring 12 and 15 meters (39 and 49 feet) in length. In preparation for World War I, Robertson's built over 55 boats, and even during the challenging times of the Great Depression in the 1930s, the yard remained busy as wealthy businessmen developed a passion for yacht racing on the Clyde. Throughout World War II, the yard dedicated its efforts to Admiralty work, producing large and high-speed Fairmile Marine motorboats, including motor torpedo boats and motor gun boats. Following the war, the yard successfully built the Loch Longs, a one-class yacht, and two 12-meter (39-foot) challengers for the America's Cup, namely Sceptre (1958) and Sovereign (1964), both designed by David Boyd. Due to challenging business conditions in 1965, the yard shifted its focus to GRP production work, primarily constructing Pipers and Etchells, before ultimately closing its doors in 1980. Over the course of its 104-year history, Robertson's Yard constructed a total of 500 boats, many of which are still actively sailing today.
Silvers and McGruers were two prominent boatyards located on the Clyde. Silvers was active from 1910 to 1970, while McGruers operated from 1910 to 1973. Situated on the Rosneath peninsula, along the banks of the Gare Loch, these boatyards were near each other, separated by just half a mile. McGruers had an impressive record of constructing over 700 boats. Both boatyards were renowned for their craftsmanship and expertise, having built numerous well-known and timeless yachts. Remarkably, some of these yachts continue to navigate the waters today, a testament to the enduring quality of their construction[1].
The most famous facilities in the area still existing is the mall, with cinema and golf course inside. The council's website provides citizens with information about the refurbished facility, which offers the latest fitness equipment. Additionally, there is a wide range of fitness class programs available, as well as upgraded sports facilities such as a games hall and two squash courts. The facility also includes two swimming pools, a 25m pool, and a teaching pool, with a timetable for swimming sessions. Furthermore, there is a Spin studio and an award-winning state-of-the-art Barrhead. Visitors can also enjoy the Foundry Library, which hosts a BOOKBUG session on Saturday mornings. Moreover, the facility offers bookable conference space and meeting rooms, along with a Greenhouse Cafe, free Wi-Fi throughout, and an IT learning suite. For pre-five children, there is early years den available. It is important to note that the opening hours of the building may differ from those of the individual facilities within the venue, so it is advisable to consult the relevant activity timetable for accurate information[2].
TRANSPORT
The Glasgow - Braehead Shuttle is a regular service that follows a route along the river to the Braehead Shopping Centre, making stops at Plantation Quay (the Science Centre) and Yorkhill Quay (for the Riverside Museum). This service is popular among both tourists and locals, offering a convenient way to explore the city during the summer months. Operated by Clyde Cruises, the route is seasonal, with daily sailings available from May to October. Supported by Glasgow City Council and Clyde Waterfront, this service has already attracted thousands of passengers who have enjoyed a unique perspective of the river and the ongoing regeneration along its banks. The Govan Ferry, a historic ferry route, has been reinstated to offer a passenger ferry service to the new Riverside Museum. The quick 5-minute crossing connects Govan subway station to Glasgow's transport museum[3].
CLYDEBUILT MUSEUM BRAEHEAD
Established in September 1999, Clydebuilt was a museum and tourist destination located at Braehead on the south bank of the river Clyde. However, on October 16, 2010, it permanently closed its doors due to financial challenges. The building bore the name CLYDEbuilt.
The exhibits at Clydebuilt delved into the historical progression of Glasgow's industrial development and the transformation of the river Clyde from the 17th century to the present day. It not only depicted the structures constructed along the Clyde, but also shed light on the process of how the river itself was shaped.
On the ground floor, a comprehensive timeline was presented, accompanied by a remarkable model of the river Clyde, complete with a flowing water feature consisting of approximately 300 gallons. This immersive experience commenced in the 1700s, when the river was merely a muddy stream that could be crossed on foot during low tide. Through extensive dredging and various deepening and widening operations carried out over numerous years, a navigable channel was created within the river. This development facilitated the growth of both the river and the city of Glasgow, as it allowed shipyards to flourish, enabling the construction of ships and the transportation of goods to the docks and warehouses that emerged alongside them. The exhibits vividly illustrated the earliest civil engineering techniques employed to deepen the navigable channel in the river Clyde, thus enabling navigation upstream to Glasgow. As trade prospered, the city thrived, attracting merchants who sought proximity to the vessels carrying their valuable merchandise.
The arrival of the Tobacco Lords, alongside those who amassed fortunes through sugar and rum trade from the colonies, further bolstered the city's commerce and prosperity. The modern section of the exhibition showcased a ship simulator, providing visitors with the opportunity to test their skills in piloting a tanker into port. Contrary to the simplicity of typical video games, this simulator accurately replicated the challenges posed by the vessel's mass, inertia, and time delays, necessitating the estimation and application of control inputs well in advance of their visible effects. Any delay or excessive force in these inputs inevitably resulted in collisions with the riverbank or port wall. Additionally, visitors had the chance to attend an audiovisual presentation, which was screened every half hour, offering insights into the last century of shipbuilding on the river. Model docks were employed to demonstrate the scale and infrastructure required for cargo transportation, while a mock crane visually connected the ground floor to the second floor, resembling a warehouse in its design.
Interestingly, the narrative of Power for Trade, which chronicled the evolution of the marine steam engine, utilized a functional inverted vertical triple expansion marine engine (not powered by steam, but rather in motion) to convey its message. Moreover, visitors were afforded the unique opportunity to manipulate the engine using a ships' telegraph. The display's irony lay in the fact that despite the countless numbers of these engines manufactured on the Clyde, the showcased specimen was constructed by Plenty of Newbury. It formed part of a pair that had been installed in the tug Chipchase, which the museum acquired after the tug's decommissioning. Numerous sections within the museum's interior were dedicated to capturing various aspects of river activity. For instance, one exhibit meticulously depicted the process of emigration, featuring a section ship with multiple deck levels and a funnel. Additionally, this area served as a representation of how vacationers would embark on steamers to spend a day exploring the resorts along the Clyde coast, colloquially known as "Doon the Watter". Upon the museum's closure, the exhibits were either returned to their respective owners or carefully stored within the confines of the Scottish Maritime Museum.[4]
COMPARISON WITH TORINO, ITALY
The departure from the Murazzi and arrival at the Borgo Navile docking station in Moncalieri on special occasions marks the beginning of the countdown to witness the return of boats on the Po. Exactly a decade after the unfortunate incident involving Valentino and Valentina, the two boats affected by the November 2016 cloudburst, tourist navigation on the river is set to resume. These "cruises" will prioritize sustainability, as the boats will be equipped with electric motors to help monitor the river environment's health. Additionally, plans are in place to establish the River Center at the Murazzi to further strengthen Turin's connection with its waterway, serving as a platform to showcase various initiatives and activities organized along the Po.
While the Turin of the 1990s focused on development along the Thorns railway, the Turin of the future will embrace change by aligning with the flow of the Po. Mayor Stefano Lo Russo highlights the extensive range of interventions planned along the river axis, aiming to enhance the city's underutilized assets. In addition to the revitalization of the Palazzo del Lavoro near the Valentino Park, the municipality is working on the revival of Torino Esposizioni. This includes the construction of a civic library, renovation of the Teatro Nuovo, and completion of the Borgo Medievale. These efforts will establish a new cultural and tourism hub, offering a fresh perspective from the river. By 2026, electric boats will navigate the Po, connecting the Murazzi, Borgo Medevale, and Italia 61. Plans are also underway to extend the route towards Moncalieri, with new docks being constructed at Vallere park and Borgo Navile for future expansion.
The upcoming navigation service will be operated by boats that will bear a resemblance to the traditional gianduiotto, owing to their shape and the golden hue of their exterior. These boats will have a capacity to accommodate 60 individuals and will be powered by electricity generated from the river itself. To harness the potential of the Michelotti crossing on the right bank of the river, downstream from the Gran Madre bridge, Iren intends to construct a power plant. The objective, as stated by environment councillor Francesco Tresso, is to establish an innovative and sustainable navigation system featuring Italy's first river boats with a neutral ecological impact. Equipped with advanced technology, these boats will gather data and information on water quality and the river ecosystem during their journeys, providing passengers with an immersive experience that combines tourism and scientific exploration. The River Centre will serve as an information hub and a venue for exhibitions, cultural events, and collaborative workspaces. This initiative will revitalize the last seven arches of the Murazzi, where hydraulic structures will also be installed to safeguard the furnishings in case of flooding. The comprehensive project, named 'A River of the Future', will be funded by the Pnrr with a budget of 11.5 million euros. Its aim is to rejuvenate the Po area and its riverbanks, commencing with the Murazzi and extending the tourist navigation route from its current length of five and a half kilometers to seven and a half kilometers, reaching Moncalieri. Mayor Lo Russo explains that this project is one of the flagship endeavors of the Pnrr, intended to restore Turin's remarkable environmental heritage and create a space that encompasses the city's past, present, and future. It will transform Turin into a distinct urban axis, offering a renewed experience to its residents. The primary objective of the project is to revamp the concept of the Murazzi. In addition to being active in the evenings, the old boatmen's warehouses will now be bustling with activity during the day, thanks to the new tourism-oriented initiatives. One of the proposed ideas includes the utilization of 'non-permanent' mobile floating platforms for hosting various events, ensuring that the Sovrintendenza's regulations are not violated. The restoration of river navigation on the Po River is being overseen by the City Care and Green Department, in collaboration with the City's Bridges, Waterways, and Infrastructure Service. This endeavour also involves the participation of esteemed entities such as the Hydrodata company, the architectural studios of Carlo Ratti and Marco Venz, the engineering studio of Pasquale Matarazzo, and Meccano Engineering, which will be responsible for the maintenance of the boats.
NEW PROPOSALS FOR ATTRACTION
After successfully defining the boundaries of the Braehead area and providing a comprehensive account of the museum's portrayal of the River Clyde's history, it is now time to examine inventive suggestions for the continued transmission of this legacy. Drawing inspiration from Turin, Italy, we will adopt its approach as a blueprint for shaping these groundbreaking ideas. Collaborating with existing institutions in Scotland, particularly in the realms of culture, catering, hospitality, and the third sector, is indispensable.
THE CLYDE IN THE LITERATURE
Neil Munro, a journalist, and writer introduced the character of Para Handy in a series of stories published in the Glasgow Evening News from 1905 to 1923. Munro wrote these stories under the pen name Hugh Foulis. Para Handy, whose real name is Peter Macfarlane, is a cunning Gaelic skipper who commands the Vital Spark, a Clyde puffer steamboat. This type of vessel was responsible for transporting goods from Glasgow to Loch Fyne, the Hebrides, and the coasts of Argyllshire and Inverness-shire during the early 20th century. The nickname "Para Handy" is derived from the Gaelic phrase "Pàra Shandaidh," which translates to "Peter (Pàdraig) son of Sandy." The stories primarily revolve around Para Handy's pride in his ship, which he considers to be on par with the prestigious Clyde steamers. However, the tales mainly focus on the mischievous adventures and escapades of the crew during their journeys. Para Handy even crosses paths with Munro's other beloved character, Erchie MacPherson of Erchie, My Droll Friend.
The crew of the Vital Spark consists of several key characters. Dan Macphail, the engineer, possesses a subtly effeminate demeanour. Dougie, the ship's mate, is superstitious, and interestingly, the stories present an inconsistency regarding his surname, as he is referred to as either Cameron or Campbell. The lazy deckhand, known as The Tar, goes by the name Colin Turner. Additionally, there is Sunny Jim, a young deckhand who plays the squeezebox and is The Tar's cousin. Sunny Jim replaces The Tar in his duties. Another notable character is Hurricane Jack, a flamboyant adventurer and close friend of Para Handy. Friction arises among the crew due to various factors. Transporting ministers of the church is considered bad luck, as is transporting gravestones. Para Handy holds a low opinion of the small boats called Cluthas, which ferry passengers across the Clyde in Glasgow, viewing them as the least reputable vessels in Clyde shipping. Furthermore, Macphail's fondness for sensational women's fiction adds to the crew's conflicts.
THE RIVER CLYDE IN THE CINEMA
Young Adam Young Adam is a film released in 2003 that falls under the genre of British erotic drama. It was both written and directed by David Mackenzie and features a talented cast including Ewan McGregor, Tilda Swinton, Peter Mullan, Ewan Stewart, and Emily Mortimer. The storyline of the film is based on the 1954 novel of the same name, written by Alexander Trocchi. The plot of the film is set in Scotland during the year 1954. The main character, Joe Taylor, is a young and aimless drifter who finds employment on a barge that operates along the River Clyde, from Glasgow to Edinburgh, through the Forth and Clyde and Union Canals. Joe shares the cramped living quarters on the barge with its operators, Les and Ella Gault, as well as their young son Jim. One fateful day, Joe and Les discover the lifeless body of a young woman named Cathie Dimly in the water. She is found naked, with only a petticoat on. Through a series of flashbacks, the audience learns that Joe had a previous connection with Cathie, and scenes depicting their relationship are interspersed with the events taking place in the present time. Overall, Young Adam delves into the complex and intertwined lives of its characters, exploring themes of desire, relationships, and the consequences of one's actions. The film offers a thought-provoking narrative that captivates the audience and showcases the talents of its cast and crew.
Sweet Sixteen Directed by Ken Loach, the 2002 crime drama film is a coming-of-age story set in Scotland. The narrative revolves around Liam, a troubled teenage boy who aspires to start a new life with his mother after her release from prison. Liam's endeavors to gather funds for their future are portrayed against the backdrop of the Inverclyde towns of Greenock, Port Glasgow, and the coastal area of Gourock.
This film is a collaborative effort between the United Kingdom, Germany, and Spain. Due to the extensive use of a local dialect, specifically the Inverclyde variant of Scottish English and Scots, subtitles are often provided when screening the movie. This is a common practice in many of Loach's films, as the dialogue reflects the regional dialect and accent, which bears similarities to Glaswegian.
It is desirable to realise co-productions with other countries for the promotion and creation of events in the new museum linked to the river Clyde to amortise costs and connect professionals or aspiring professionals from the local area with other nations. A partnership with the Glasgow Humane Society[5], which operates as a registered charity and is governed by a board of trustees, which also acts as a trustee for the charity, will be excellent for initiating an awareness and recognition project.
ANNUAL EVENT
Africa in Motion (AiM) is a yearly African film festival held in Scotland, showcasing film screenings and additional events. AiM has solidified its position as a significant annual occasion in the Scottish cultural schedule, while also upholding a global reputation as a prominent African film forum. The festival appeals to a wide-ranging and heterogeneous audience from various parts of Scotland, the UK, and beyond[6].
The museum located along the river Clyde has the capacity to accommodate Africa in Motion, serving as a gathering place for the diverse communities from this continent residing in Glasgow.
DAVID LIVINGSTONE BIRTHPLACE
A significant partnership has the potential to emerge between the river Clyde Museum and David Livingstone Birthplace in Blantyre. Located on the picturesque banks of the River Clyde and encompassed by breathtaking parkland, the Birthplace Museum beckons visitors to embark on Livingstone's remarkable odyssey from Blantyre to Africa through our innovative interactive exhibition. David Livingstone was born in a modest apartment located in Shuttle Row, which presently serves as the site for our museum. He pursued a medical education at the esteemed University of Glasgow, making a weekly journey from Blantyre along the banks of the River Clyde. His intention was to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to become a missionary. Influenced by his future father-in-law and other individuals, Livingstone directed his attention towards South Africa. Driven by the ideals of the abolitionist movement, Livingstone embarked on expeditions throughout southern and central Africa. His goal was to identify potential economic prospects that could effectively bring an end to the abhorrent slave trade in East Africa. Tragically, Livingstone met his demise while in pursuit of the source of the Nile. He held the belief that the recognition he would receive from this discovery would garner support for his relentless battle against slavery. At the museum in Blantyre, young ones are encouraged to embark on an exciting adventure on our captivating playground, which takes inspiration from Livingstone's voyages, and discover the surrounding grounds by following our well-designed trails.[7]
BE CAPRI: AN OPPORTUNITY TO TASTE FLAVOUR FROM ITALY
Be Capri, a restaurant bar, was established in December 2023 by Barbara, the owner. Barbara's aim was to introduce the traditional dishes of Capri to Paisley, a place where she grew up and spent her formative years. This establishment is equipped to accommodate gatherings where individuals can engage in meaningful conversations about literature, books, and other aspects that contribute to the richness of human life. By facilitating discussions over a lavish meal, Be Capri enables people to broaden their understanding of unfamiliar cultures, thus challenging preconceived notions. This initiative not only promotes awareness of the Clyde region but also ensures that its history is perpetuated through shared experiences.
CONCLUSION
The present study examined the occurrences witnessed by the River Clyde in Braehead throughout the years and endeavoured to establish a connection between the industrial sectors and the arts. The author's familiarity with certain cultural events and voluntary organizations in the vicinity greatly aided in the composition of this report. Recognizing the River Clyde as a convergence point for diverse individuals is crucial in orchestrating events that foster the dissemination of knowledge, expertise, and competencies in an informal manner, with the aim of attracting individuals from various age groups and cultural backgrounds.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Cultural tourism holds great importance for a variety of reasons. Firstly, it plays a crucial role in both the economic and social spheres. The revenue generated by cultural tourism and its associated businesses contributes significantly to the local economy. Moreover, the demand for employment in this sector leads to an increase in job opportunities, benefiting the community. Additionally, cultural tourism helps establish and reinforce a sense of identity among the local population, as it showcases their unique traditions and heritage to visitors. Furthermore, cultural tourism plays a pivotal role in shaping the image of a destination. By promoting its cultural and historical assets, a region can attract tourists and enhance its reputation. This, in turn, boosts the tourism industry and stimulates economic growth. Moreover, cultural tourism serves to preserve and safeguard the cultural and historical heritage of a place. By encouraging visitors to appreciate and respect local customs, traditions, and landmarks, cultural tourism contributes to the conservation of these invaluable assets for future generations. Another significant aspect of cultural tourism is its ability to foster harmony and understanding among people. By exposing individuals to different cultures and ways of life, it promotes tolerance and appreciation for diversity. This cultural exchange facilitates mutual understanding and strengthens social bonds, ultimately contributing to a more harmonious society. Lastly, cultural tourism provides vital support to the arts and cultural sectors. The revenue generated from cultural tourism can be reinvested in cultural initiatives, such as the preservation of historical sites, the promotion of local artists, and the organization of cultural events. This symbiotic relationship between culture and tourism helps to revitalize and renew the tourism industry, ensuring its sustainability and continued growth. In conclusion, cultural tourism plays a multifaceted role in society. It not only brings economic benefits and employment opportunities but also helps to establish and reinforce identity, build a positive image, preserve cultural heritage, foster harmony among people, and support the cultural sector. By recognizing and promoting the significance of cultural tourism, communities can harness its potential for sustainable development and societal enrichment.[8]
[1] journals.socantscot.org. (n.d.). Vol. 14 (2005): People and their monuments in the Upper Clyde Valley: a programme of survey, field walking and trial excavation in the environs of the Blackshouse Burn Neolithic enclosure, South Lanarkshire, 1989–99 | Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports. [online] Available at: https://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/sair/issue/view/30 [Accessed 10 Apr. 2024].
[2] Leisure, E.R.C. & (n.d.). Barrhead Foundry. [online] East Renfrewshire Culture & Leisure. Available at: https://www.ercultureandleisure.org/barrhead-foundry/ [Accessed 10 Apr. 2024].
[3] Glasgow Life. (n.d.). Riverside Museum. [online] Available at: https://www.glasgowlife.org.uk/museums/venues/riverside-museum.
[4] Scottish Maritime Museum. (n.d.). Home. [online] Available at: https://www.scottishmaritimemuseum.org/.
[6] Africa in Motion. (n.d.). Africa in Motion. [online] Available at: https://www.africa-in-motion.org.uk/.
[8] Selemon, A. (n.d.). CULTURAL TOURISM AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT. www.academia.edu. [online] Available at: https://www.academia.edu/38774756/CULTURAL_TOURISM_AND_COMMUNITY_DEVELOPMENT [Accessed 2 May 2022].
